This animation shows three ways to visualize a rotation:
Summarizes the meaning of the deformation gradient tensor, stretches, rotations, etc. Also shows how material line segments, volumes, and area vectors change in response to deformation.
You may download the rest of the document here
A. Sadeghirad, R. M. Brannon, and J. Burghardt
Three snapshots of the model with 248 particles in simulation of the radial expansion of a ring problem using: (a) CPDI method and (b) cpGIMP
A new algorithm is developed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the material point method for problems involving extremely large tensile deformations and rotations. In the proposed procedure, particle domains are convected with the material motion more accurately than in the generalized interpolation material point method. This feature is crucial to eliminate instability in extension, which is a common shortcoming of most particle methods. Also, a novel alternative set of grid basis functions is proposed for efficiently calculating nodal force and consistent mass integrals on the grid. Specifically, by taking advantage of initially parallelogram-shaped particle domains, and treating the deformation gradient as constant over the particle domain, the convected particle domain is a reshaped parallelogram in the deformed configuration. Accordingly, an alternative grid basis function over the particle domain is constructed by a standard 4-node finite element interpolation on the parallelogram. Effectiveness of the proposed modifications is demonstrated using several large deformation solid mechanics problems.
Available Online:
http://www.mech.utah.edu/~brannon/pubs/7-2011-SadeghiradBrannonBurghardt-NME.pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nme.3110/abstract
K. Kamojjala, R. M. Brannon (2011)
Snapshot of the deformation in time
The principle of material frame indifference require spatial stresses to rotate with the material, whereas reference stresses must be insensitive to rotation. Testing of a classical uniaxial strain problem with superimposed rotation reveals that a very common approach to strong incremental objectivity taken in finite element codes to satisfy frame indifference(namely working in an approximate un-rotated frame) fails this simplistic test. A more complicated verification example is constructed based on the method of manufactured solutions (MMS) which involves the same character of loading at all points, providing a means to test any nonlinear-elastic arbitrarily anisotropic constitutive model.
Available Online:
http://www.mech.utah.edu/~brannon/pubs/7-2010KamojjalaBrannon_ASME-ECTC.pdf
MMS stands for “Method of Manufactured Solutions,” which is a rather sleazy sounding name for what is actually a respected and rigorous method of verifying that a finite element (or other) code is correctly solving the governing equations.
A simple introduction to MMS may be found on page 11 of The ASME guide for verification and validation in solid mechanics. The basic idea is to analytically determine forcing functions that would lead to a specific, presumably nontrivial, solution (of your choice) for the dependent variable of a differential equation. Then you would verify a numerical solver for that differential equation by running it using your analytically determined forcing function. The difference between the code’s prediction and your selected manufactured solution provides a quantitative measure of error.
A REALLY BIG (long download time) tutorial on how to describe rotation. Topics include coordinate transformations, tensor transformations, converting an axis and angle of rotation into a rotation tensor, Euler angles, quaternions, and generating a uniformly random rotation tensor. This document also discusses the common numerical problem of “mixing” rotations in such a way that the mixed rotation is physically reasonable. The pages in the document that deal with random rotations contain some complicated figures, so don’t worry if your pdf reader pauses for a while on those pages. As a matter of fact, watching the pdf viewer render the figures is like an informative movie because it draws the random dots in the same order as I computed them. By watching the rendering, you can see the nonuniform clustering quite clearly.] (Last posted here 020509, but a formal publication is anticipated)
You may download the rest of the document here.
University of Utah CSM Group 